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Borjomi ((グルジア語:ბორჯომი)) is a brand of naturally carbonated mineral water from springs in the Borjomi Gorge of central Georgia. The artesian springs in the valley are fed by water that filters from glaciers covering the peaks of the Bakuriani mountains at altitudes of up to . The water rises to the surface without pumping and is transported by pipes to two bottling plants in the town of Borjomi.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of TM )〕 The Borjomi springs were discovered by the Imperial Russian military in the 1820s. They were made famous throughout the Russian Empire, making Borjomi a popular tourist destination. The history of the brand is closely associated with the Russian imperial dynasty of Romanov. By the 1890s, Borjomi was bottled in the Georgian estates of Grand Duke Mikhail of Russia. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 and subsequent Soviet takeover of Georgia, the Borjomi enterprise was nationalized and the water was made into a top Soviet export.〔 Borjomi is exported to over 40 countries.〔 Since 1995, Borjomi has been trademarked and produced by the Georgian Glass and Mineral Water Company (GG&MW), belonging to the Russian Alfa Group Consortium.〔()〕 The use of Borjomi water has been suggested by the Georgian and Russian researchers for complex treatment of several digestive diseases and diabetes mellitus.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Clinical researches results )〕 ==History== The mineral springs of the Borjomi valley were discovered over one thousand years ago.〔 Seven large rock tubs discovered by archeologists dating back to the beginning of the 7th century attest to the availability and use of the spring waters, most likely for bathing purposes.〔 The springs were abandoned before being rediscovered in the early 19th century.〔 By that time, as a result of the incessant warfare, Borjomi and its environs had been depopulated and covered with impassable forests.〔 Potto, Vasily (2006, originally published 1899), (Кавказская война. Том 1. Турецкая война 1828–1829гг. ) (Caucasus War. Vol. 1: the Turkish War, 1828–1829'' ), p. 67. ''Tsentripoligraf''), ISBN 5-9524-2105-9. Retrieved 2011-03-01〕 In 1829, when the Imperial Russian Army Kherson Grenadier Regiment was deployed in Borjomi for operations against the Ottoman Empire, Russian soldiers found mineral springs on the right bank of Borjomi river. Intrigued by the find, Colonel Pavel Popov, the commander of the regiment, ordered that the springs be cleaned and that the water be bottled and transported to the military base. Popov, who suffered from stomach disease tried the water first. Seeing positive results, he ordered the construction of rock walls around the spring and he had a bath house built nearby, along with a small cottage house for himself.〔 In 1837, when the Kherson regiment was replaced by the Georgian grenadiers regiment, its medical doctor Amirov examined the water components and their effects, sending the first results of analysis to Saint Petersburg and Moscow.〔 By 1841, the healing effects of Borjomi water were so famous that the viceroy of the Russian Tsar in the Caucasus Yevgeni Golovin brought his sick daughter to the springs for treatment. In light of the quick results of the treatment, he called the first spring ''Yekaterinsky'' ((ロシア語:Екатерининский)) after his daughter Yekaterina and the second ''Yevgeniyevsky'' (Евгеньевский) after himself.〔 Golovin also expedited the official transfer of the waters from the military to civil authorities.〔McReynolds, Louise (2003), (''Russia at Play: Leisure Activities at the End of the Tsarist era'' ), pp. 175, 173. Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-4027-0. Retrieved 2011-03-01〕 In 1850, a mineral water park was opened in Borjomi and in 1854, the authorities commissioned construction of the first bottling plant. Borjomi water gained popularity for its curing effects all over the Russian Empire and the government began building palaces, parks, public gardens and hotels to accommodate incoming tourists and patients. The commute from Tiflis to Borjomi usually took 8–9 hours by phaetons, however the new Mikhaylovo-Borjomi railroad built in 1894 significantly reduced the length of the journey. Renowned figures such as Anton Chekhov, Pyotr Tchaikovsky as well as members of the royal Russian family were among the common visitors of the springs. By that time, Borjomi was a rival of similar European spas, such as Vichy, frequented by Russian tourists, the fact that earned for Borjomi the reputation of "the Russian Vichy"〔〔Cockfield, Jamie H. (2002), (''White Crow: The Life and Times of the Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich Romanov, 1859-1919'' ), p. 39. Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-275-97778-1. 2011-03-01〕 and "the pearl of the Caucasus".〔 Dzhanshiyev, Grigory (1886), Перл Кавказа. Боржом-Абастуман (of the Caucasus. Borzhom–Abastuman'' ). A. Mamontov Press. Retrieved 2011-03-01.〕〔Meakin, Annette M. B. (1906), (''Russia: Travels and Studies'' ), p. 420. Ayer Publishing, ISBN 0-405-03086-X. Retrieved 2011-03-01.〕 In 1894, Grand Duke Mikhail Romanov built a bottling plant in the Borjomi park which continued to operate until the 1950s. The income from the Borjomi waters enterprise contributed to the wealth of Mikhail's son and successor Nikolay, who was the richest of all Russian grand dukes by 1914.In 1890 was built the first bottling plant of Borjomi. Demand on the glass bottles were high and A glass factory was built in 1896. According to archives, in 1854 only 1350 bottles of water were produced, in 1905 the number reached 320,000 and by 1913 over 9 million bottles were sold. After the establishment of Soviet rule in Georgia, Borjomi was widely sold around the Soviet Union and was favored by Soviet leaders such as Joseph Stalin.〔 Exploration of the Borjomi Gorge was conducted in 1927. Between then and 1982, 57 exploration wells (depths ranging from to ) were drilled.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Borjomi. Источники )〕 In 1961, 423,000 bottles of ''Borjomi'' was exported to 15 countries including the United States, France and Austria.〔 During the existence of the Soviet Union, Borjomi was recognized as the third best known brand of the USSR after the Volga car and Aeroflot airlines. In the 1980s, annual production of Borjomi water reached 400 million bottles.〔 The production slowed down with the collapse of the Soviet Union and economic stagnation in the independent Republic of Georgia. In 1995, bottling of Borjomi was restarted by the Georgian Glass and Mineral Waters Company (GG&MW), which increased the production forty-fold.〔 According to the company, 80% of Borjomi produced that year was exported abroad—more than half of this amount to Russia. Despite counterfeit drinks being produced under the Borjomi label as a result of rising piracy during the 1990s, Borjomi water was able to reclaim its reputation by 2000 in a distinctive packaging campaign. The piracy also slowed down due to the 1998 Russian financial crisis.〔 In May 2006, Russia banned imports of the Georgian mineral waters, declaring them unsafe. The ban got lifted after 7 years in 2013.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Russia Ends Ban on Borjomi Water )〕 Georgia viewed this as an attempt to restrict access to the Russian market and making Borjomi a pawn in post-Soviet political power play. As a result of the ban, GG&MW lost GEL 25 million in 2006, but the company declared the crisis to have been overcome by 2008, with sales volumes reaching pre-2006 level. The sales and export of Borjomi mineral water dropped again by 30-40% starting from October 2008 due to the global financial crisis.〔 But already in 2010 the company declared that sales figures of Borjomi were the same as the company had before the ban. In 2011 sales company sold 15% more Borjomi than they were selling before the ban. Today Borjomi is sold in 40 countries worldwide. Today, Borjomi in post-soviet countries is a number one brand in imported mineral water brand segment. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Borjomi (water)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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